Increasing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation, stemming from chronic and imbalanced inflammatory responses in the brain, underlies the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reprogramming the compromised immune crosstalk among astrocytes, microglia, and neurons through the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint presents a novel therapeutic approach. INR301 is a first-in-class, BBB-penetrating anti-PD-L1 antibody, representing a new treatment paradigm for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD by restoring immune balance in the brain.